- 什麼是核苷酸?
Nucleotides are a class of compounds consisting of purine or pyrimidine bases, ribose or deoxyribose and phosphoric acid. According to the different bases of nucleotide molecules, nucleotides can be divided into five types, namely 5′-adenine nucleotide (AMP), 5′-guanine nucleotide (GMP), 5′-cytosine nucleotide (CMP), 5′-uracil nucleotide (UMP) and 5′-hypoxanthine nucleotide (IMP). - 生產核苷酸的方法
目前,核苷酸的合成方法主要有化學合成法、微生物發酵法和酵素法水解法。
在核苷酸的化學生產中,主要使用核苷進行磷酸酯化。由於涉及的試劑價格昂貴,且使用有毒化學合成原料,製程要求高,環境污染嚴重,生產成本較高。一般情況下,僅用於生產一些特殊用途的核苷酸衍生物,僅限於實驗室規模。大規模工業化生產有一定困難。
發酵生產核苷酸主要利用微生物菌株的生物合成途徑來生產核苷酸。為了透過微生物發酵生產核苷酸,必須考慮生物合成途徑和調控機制以選擇菌株。雖然由於菌株回復突變和細菌內產物累積的問題,生產效率很高,但也提供了回饋。控制、調節等技術要求較高。在發酵生產過程中,對培養基的組成和物質的添加有特殊的要求。另外,建廠投資高,生產的產品單一,僅限於生產極少數產品。目前只有肌苷(IMP)和鳥苷酸(GMP)已實現工業化。
Enzymatic hydrolysis produces nucleotides that use the P1 nuclease to degrade RNA to obtain a mixture of four nucleotides (AMP, GMP, CMP and UMP), and then separate and purify the four nucleotides by ion exchange resin. In addition, 5′-adenine nucleotide (AMP) is used as a substrate which is converted by adenylate deaminase to produce 5′-hypoxanthine nucleotide (IMP). The enzymatic hydrolysis process takes over the production of 5′-nucleotide, which has the advantages of a simple production process, abundant raw material sources and low cost. It is the manufacturing process with the longest history and the most mature technology. - 核苷酸的用途
核苷酸在食品、生物技術和農業等行業有著廣泛的應用。.
在食品工業中,肌苷和鳥苷酸與麩胺酸鈉混合後,清爽效果可提升1至數十倍,並能有效改善酸味、苦味、焦味和魚腥味。二鈉核苷酸(I+G)是繼谷氨酸鈉和雞精之後發展的第三代調味料,廣泛應用於泡麵調味料包、雞精、雞粉和鮮醬油等調味料中。此外,核苷酸作為嬰幼兒食品添加劑,能顯著支持嬰幼兒營養,促進腸道發育成熟,促進脂蛋白和多元不飽和脂肪酸的合成,降低嬰幼兒感冒和腹瀉的發生率,促進嬰幼兒的正常生長。.
5′-nucleotides are used as flavor enhancers (umami taste) in food manufacturing and as raw materials in biotechnology research applications.
在農業工業中,核苷酸可在植物生產中用作植物生長調節劑,從而提高產量和重量。也可應用於飼料添加劑,對動物生長有非常明顯的作用。總之,無論是在農作物或動物飼料中使用核苷酸,都能降低生產成本,帶來顯著效益。